| India-Pakistan |
| Proponents of war in nuclear hangover treading a dangerous path: Kayani |
| 2010-01-02 |
| ISLAMABAD/LAHORE: The proponents of conventional application of military force, in a nuclear overhang are chartering an adventurous and dangerous path, the consequences of which could be both unintended and uncontrollable, Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Ashfaq Kayani said on Friday. Responding to a recent statement by Indian Army chief General Deepak Kapoor, General Kayani warned that the situation would get out of control in case of any dangerous adventurism, a private TV channel reported. Principle: Addressing senior officers at the General Headquarters (GHQ), he said peace and stability in South Asia and beyond was the logical and fundamental principle underlining the security paradigm of Pakistan. The ISPR quoted the COAS as saying that the Pakistan Army was fully alert and alive to the full spectrum of threat, which continued to exist in conventional and unconventional domains. However, he said, as a responsible nuclear capable state, the Pakistan Army would contribute to strategic stability and strategic restraint as per the stated policy of the government. But at the same time, it [the military] will continue to maintain the necessary wherewithal to deter and, if required, defeat any aggressive design, in any form or shape such as a firmed up proactive strategy or a cold start doctrine, he was quoted as saying. The COAS reiterated that the army stood committed and prepared to respond to any existing, potential or emerging threat. An army supported by 170 million people, with faith in Allah, is a formidable force to reckon with, he said. Earlier, the COAS visited a unit in the Rawalpindi Garrison and interacted with troops and officers and appreciated their high morale |
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| India-Pakistan |
| India Prepares For Two-Front War With China, Pakistan |
| 2009-12-31 |
| India is preparing for a possible two-front war with China and Pakistan, Geo News quoted an Indian newspaper as saying on Wednesday. The newspaper said the Indian Army is now revising its five-year-old doctrine to effectively meet the challenges of war with China and Pakistan, deal with asymmetric and fourth-generation warfare, enhance strategic reach and joint operations with IAF and Navy. Work on the new war doctrine to reflect the reconfiguration of threat perceptions and security challenges is already under way under the aegis of Simla-based Army Training Command, headed by Lt-Gen A S Lamba, sources told the Indian newspaper. It comes in the backdrop of the 1.13-million strong army having practiced through several wargames over the last five years its pro-active war strategy to mobilise fast and strike hard to pulverize the enemy. This cold start strategy, under a NBC (nuclear-chemical-biological) overhang, emerged from the harsh lessons learnt during Operation Parakram, where it took armys strike formations almost a month to mobilise at the border launch pads after the December 2001 terrorist attack on Parliament. This gave ample opportunity to Pakistan to shore up its defences as well as adequate time to the international community, primarily the US, to intervene. The lack of clear directives from the then NDA government only made matters worse. A major leap in our approach to conduct of operations (since then) has been the successful firming-up of the cold start strategy (to be able to go to war promptly), said Army chief General Deepak Kapoor, at a closed-door seminar on Tuesday. The plan now is to launch self-contained and highly-mobile battle groups, with Russian-origin T-90S tanks and upgraded T-72 M1 tanks at their core, adequately backed by air cover and artillery fire assaults, for rapid thrusts into enemy territory within 96 hours. Gen Kapoor identified five thrust areas that will drive the new doctrine. One, even as the armed forces prepare for their primary task of conventional wars, they must also factor in the eventuality of a two-front war breaking out. In tune with this, after acquiring a greater offensive punch along the entire western front with Pakistan by the creation of a new South-Western Army Command in 2005, India is now taking steps albeit belatedly to strategically counter the stark military asymmetry with China in the eastern sector. There is now a proportionate focus towards the western and north-eastern fronts, said Gen Kapoor. Two, the army needs to optimise its capability to effectively counter both military and non-military facets of asymmetric and sub-conventional threats like WMD terrorism, cyber warfare, electronic warfare and information warfare. Three, the armed forces have to substantially enhance their strategic reach and out-of-area capabilities to protect Indias geo-political interests stretching from Persian Gulf to Malacca Strait. This would enable us to protect our island territories; as also give assistance to the littoral states in the Indian ocean region, said Gen Kapoor. Four, interdependence and operational synergy among Army, Navy and IAF must become the essence of strategic planning and execution in future wars. For this, joint operations, strategic and space-based capability, ballistic missile defence and amphibious, air-borne and air-land operations must be addressed comprehensively, he said. And five, India must strive to achieve a technological edge over its adversaries. Harnessing and exploitation of technology also includes integration of network centricity, decision-support systems, information warfare and electronic warfare into our operational plans, he added. Apart from analysing the evolving military strategy and doctrines of China and Pakistan, the army is also studying the lessons learnt from the US-launched Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan in 2001 and Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 and their relevance to India. |
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| India-Pakistan |
| Nepal Army chief made honorary General of Indian Army |
| 2009-12-14 |
| Nepalese Army Chief General Chhatra Man Singh Gurung, an alumnus of the Indian Military Academy (IMA), was today conferred the honorary rank of General of the Indian Army. President Pratibha Patil conferred the rank to Gen Gurung at a ceremony here by presenting a sword and a peak cap along with a conferment order. Defence Minister A K Antony, Army Chief General Deepak Kapoor, IAF Chief Air Chief Marshal P V Naik and Navy Chief Admiral Nirmal Verma and Defence Secretary Pradeep Kumar were present during the 15-minute ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan. It is a tradition between the Indian and the Nepalese Army for the respective chiefs to be conferred honorary General rank of each other's Army too. |
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| India-Pakistan |
| ITBP jawans injured in China border shootout |
| 2009-09-15 |
| Simmering tensions along the mountainous frontier with China appear to have become serious with a revelation that two jawans of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police, the sentinel force along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), were injured in bullets fired from the Chinese side. The firing in an area identified as Kerang in northern Sikkim took place a fortnight ago but has been kept under wraps. It was confirmed on Monday by a highly-placed intelligence source, who is not authorised to give information to the media. ITBP officials at its headquarters in New Delhi declined to confirm the incident. It was the first incidents where bullets have been fired since the landmark 1996 Sino-India agreement in which both sides pledged not to open fire, no matter what the provocation, as a part of confidence-building measures. Sources cite this as yet another instance of China's maintaining pressure on the 2.1 sq km area of `Finger Tip' in northern Sikkim. Last year, China had sent a vehicle-mounted patrol into this area, penetrating 1 km into Indian territory. The Kerang shootout prompted an unscheduled border personnel meeting on August 30. Also last week, the entire situation along the LAC was reviewed in a war game by the Eastern Command top brass in Kolkata's Fort William, Eastern Command HQs, in the presence of Army chief General Deepak Kapoor. Violations aren't new but have rarely involved casualties. What is alarming is the report of shooting along the LAC which has remained peaceful for decades since the Chinese invasion of 1962. At Asaphila in Upper Subansiri Division of Arunachal Pradesh, for instance, a contingent of 22 Chinese troops had intercepted an armed Indian patrol of two policemen, three porters and five Special Service Bureau personnel in June 2003, disarmed them and returned them to the Indian Army. In contrast, the Kerang incident could be a significant and dangerous deviation from the practice of talks before bullets. Despite ceremonial border personnel meetings (BPMs) at Nathu La in Sikkim and Bum La and Kibithu in Arunachal, Chinese troops continue to violate the LAC with brazen regularity. According to Army sources, People's Liberation Army patrols have been sighted crossing over the LAC six times since January this year -- four times in Upper Subansiri district in June and July, and twice in Lohit district in January. A Chinese post continues to occupy Sumdorong Chu valley since 1986. The situation has been worsened by the fact that the border is unguarded at some places in Arunachal Pradesh, mainly due to inhospitable terrain marked by high mountains and hostile weather throughout the year. At some locations there are no field units on either side. There is no deployment of Indian forces in at least one district, the backward Kurung Kumey (Tawang's neighbour). Such forays by Chinese troops have left the population near the LAC insecure. "Chinese patrols encroached into my district in June and July,'' said Upper Subansiri deputy commissioner H G Shalla. Western Arunachal Pradesh MP Takam Sanjay -- whose constituency has many areas where Chinese incursions have happened -- said the local people felt unsafe. "People of Arunachal do not want to face 1962 all over again,'' he said. He has taken up with the Centre the issue of securing the border. "It seems, somewhere we have lost involvement.'' Indian troops on the LAC have even sighted Chinese grazers and fishermen crossing over and pushed them back, say sources. Bhutan, too, faces the same problem. People from Tibet cross over in search of medicinal herbs. According to Army sources, there is no PLA build-up across the border, but what worries the Indian top brass is the definite edge the Chinese have in terms of infrastructure, particularly road communication. Because of this, they can move reinforcements to the LAC at a short notice, which is difficult for India. In Asaphila, the last road on the Indian side ends 50 km away from the LAC. Political leaders from Arunachal, like former MP Kiren Rijiju, have been vocal against the Indian policy of not developing infrastructure on the border for fear the Chinese would use them in case of a war. He has described this as a "defensive policy''. Sanjay, however, said that with prime minister Manmohan Singh granting Rs 24,000 crore to Arunachal for infrastructure development, the situation is set to change. One of the most important projects is the construction of the trans-Arunachal highway, connecting Tawang with Changlang district. It is learnt that the Cabinet committee on infrastructure has given approval for bidding for two sections of this highwa |
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| India-Pakistan |
| Operational Alert on LAC |
| 2009-09-13 |
| Delhi may play down Beijings posturing in Arunachal Pradesh but a concerned Indian Army is raising two more divisions, or about 30,000 men, in the Northeast. The army has sounded an operational alert on the India-China Line of Actual Control (LAC) after reports of a Chinese military exercise involving 50,000 troops in Tibet, where Beijing has increased its activities. Correspondingly, the Indian Army is said to be conducting an operations exercise in Arunachal. Sources said one of the two new divisions would be stationed in Arunachal to take care of the China-India-Myanmar axis and the other at Leimakhong, 20km from Imphal, to cover the Bangladesh-India-Myanmar axis. One of the divisions is already being raised, sources said. Although the two divisions together make up a Corps strength, they would be separated and placed under the respective controls of the 3 Corps and 4 Corps, sources said. The division at Leimakhong will be under the 3 Corps, based at Rangapahar near Dimapur in Nagaland. The one in Arunachal will be under the 4 Corps, based in Upper (eastern) Assam. Army chief General Deepak Kapoor today met Corps commanders and top officers of the Eastern Command in Calcutta, apparently to discuss China, which has built highways parallel to the LAC with approach roads intruding into Arunachal. The divisions are being raised fast and army officers have been issued posting orders to various locations. Troops have been pulled out of army units from across the country. The 57 Mountain Division in Manipur is expected to move to southern Assam. On the flip side, moving in a new division and moving out an existing one would mean additional responsibilities for the Assam Rifles in Manipur. Till now, militancy in Manipur has been handled mainly by the army but with a new division busy raising its troops, the paramilitary force will come under severe test. |
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| India-Pakistan |
| Alerted, Army laid a trap for Lashkar men before 5-day firefight began |
| 2009-03-26 |
| SRINAGAR : At the end of the five-day Kupwara encounter that killed eight Army personnel and 17 Lashkar operatives, all evidence points to extremely sophisticated planning and logistics behind the biggest infiltration attempt across the Line of Control this year, security officers involved in the operation said. Army chief General Deepak Kapoor said the high casualties of Indian Special Forces all eight from the crack 1 Para indicated a high level of military training. As did the nature of the infiltration attempt through treacherous terrain and the recovery of highly detailed maps of the forests, along with GPS devices, radios, satellite phones, snowboots and ice axes. At 10,273 feet, a narrow, winding road over the Sadhna Pass its surface covered by frozen ice is the only entrance into the stunning valleys of Karnah in the Kashmir Valley. To its left, in the vast isolated swathe, walled by the snow-capped peaks of the Shamsabari range, is the heavily guarded Line of Control. It was here on March 19, that 25 militants sneaked in watched by both the Army and the Lashkar-e-Toiba. Sources have confirmed to The Indian Express that militants who crossed over were well on their way to hideouts in Rajwar where Lashkars commander Abu Saad was waiting. Saad, its learnt, had sent three of his experienced militants to receive this new group. But this time, the Army knew and it had Lashkars key OGWs (Over Ground Workers) under watch. Sources said intelligence from across the LoC had alerted security agencies a week in advance. Moreover, early this month, two smaller groups of militants had already crossed over into the Rajwar area and a third group of 10 had sneaked into the valley through Gulmarg. So we were expecting them. We knew they were coming but our information was about a group of 10 militants, a source told The Indian Express. Army officials say the infiltration was launched most probably from somewhere in the Lepa valley. After they crossed over, the militants trekked the Shamsabaris high ridges that divides the Keran sector from the Kashmir bowl. In parallel, the Army began moving to lay an ambush. The plan was to avoid engaging the militants near the LoC and thus prevent them from retreating. They were allowed to sneak in under constant watch, a source said. The infiltrators were first spotted at Ragni post where one militant was killed. The first major contact with the militants took place at around 3 am on March 20 at Drangyari. Three were killed there, said Army spokesman Col J S Brar, one of them escaped and was killed at Chamb. By then, the group had scattered under nights cover and the Army had expanded its operation across the Shamsabari range, pushing reinforcements into the dense Hafruda forests one of the thickest stretched across Kupwara and Handwara districts. The Armys Trehgam Brigade, two battalions of the Rashtriya Rifles and para commandos were deployed. Sources said the Lashkar reception party had already joined the infiltrators but somehow the guide possibly lost his way. The next afternoon, on March 21, Major Mohit Sharma along with a party of para commandos, decided to go deep inside the Hafruda forests. A group of militants, however, had been hiding over the ridge which gave them an immediate advantage. Major Sharma and three of his men were killed in the firefight. By Monday, the Army had sent out dozens of parties inside Hafruda, expanding the operation to almost an area of 20 sq km. Fierce gunbattles raged across the area. Close-quarter encounters took place at two places one inside the Hafruda forests and another in Drangyari. Five militants were killed while four Army men, Havaldar Rakesh Kumar, Nayak Sanjay Anna and Para troopers Manoj Kumar and Shabir Ahmad, were killed. All were officers and men from the Para unit equipped with AK 47 and Israeli Tavor rifles, new generation night-sights and tracking equipment. On Tuesday, the troops were again in control and the cordon had been tightened around the militants holed up in Hafruda. Seven militants were killed that day. Army officials said they found this group of infiltrators exceptionally trained and well-kitted wearing multilayered warm clothing, jackets, snowshoes and even armed with ice axes. The militants also had modern communication gadgets and were using GPS, compasses, one Thuraya set and Army maps. They had 10 radio sets as well. We also recovered 23 AK rifles, said Col Brar. They had boots and axes, the kind we use in Siachen. The boots were made in Iran. The militants, who communicated in codes, also had elaborate maps of Kupwara and Handwara especially of the dense forest ranges. The seriousness of the plan was evident in the specially tailored T-shirts for this group. The T-shirts had Jihad is my life, Shahadat (martyrdom) is my real life printed on them. There were T-shirts which Commando inscribed as well. The Army estimates that the level of infiltration will go up in coming months as the snow starts melting in the passes. Over 300 militants are waiting to infiltrate from 40-50 terror camps across the LoC, the Army Chief said. Army officers said that with less than 400 active militants estimated in the valley, handlers across the border are getting desperate to send in more foot soldiers. |
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| India-Pakistan |
| Pakistan still running terror camps: Army chief |
| 2009-03-26 |
| Army chief General Deepak Kapoor on Wednesday said the terror infrastructure across the border was very much intact while hinting at continued support of the Pakistani establishment in the running of 40-50 terrorist camps still active in PoK. Speaking after an award function in the Capital, Gen Kapoor said the Lashkar-e-Taiba was still active in Pakistan despite the action that Islamabad claims to have taken against the outfit. He said that about 40 to 50 terror camps were operational across the Line of Control (LoC) and terrorists are waiting for an opportunity to infiltrate. The troops had for the last five days been engaged in a gun-battle in the forests of Kupwara and Handwara. The Army chief did not rule out the assistance of the Pakistani Army as terrorists had infiltrated under cover fire provided by the Pakistani Rangers. Asked if the arrest of senior LeT operatives by Pakistan had had any impact on its activities, Gen Kapoor said: "I can definitely say that Lashkar is very much still active and as to the amount of difference those arrests have made, it's for you to judge." He said there were still a very large number of foreign militants operating in J&K. On Wednesday, the Army had lodged a strong protest with its Pakistani counterparts over a ceasefire violation four days ago when Pakistani troops fired throughout the night at Indian posts in Uri sector. |
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| India-Pakistan |
| India: Army 'prepared' for strikes against Pakistan |
| 2009-02-11 |
| (AKI/Asian Age) - Indian army chief General Deepak Kapoor said surgical strikes against terror targets in Pakistan were a "feasible" option after the Mumbai terror attacks. "Surgical strikes are definitely feasible but whether you wish to take that decision or not is a separate issue," Kapoor said on Sunday. "Whether you would like to look at doing it (carrying out such strikes) by air or artillery or by another means or physically there," he said. He said that the armed forces were ready for such strikes if political leaders gave the order. Kapoor's comments are likely to provoke further tension between Pakistan and India. "We are an army which has been involved in operations in Kashmir and Northern Command on a perpetual and on-going basis. Therefore, the question of not being ready is, frankly, not relevant. And we would have been fully ready to do our task," he said. "The peaceful diplomatic course adopted by the Indian government so far seems to have provided stimuli to the Pakistan government to act against the terror infrastructure and help bring the guilty to book." He said that after the Mumbai attack, no deployment of additional troops had taken place on the border. "However, we are maintaining our utmost vigil and closely monitoring the situation. Our current posture allows us to achieve full operational readiness at short notice," he stated. During a wide-ranging interview, the Kapoor also sought to dispel the impression that there was no clarity about the nuclear command when prime minister Manmohan Singh was hospitalised for heart surgery last month. "As far as the army is concerned, there is a clarity on the nuclear command issue and there was no confusion on the issue," he added. Relations between India and Pakistan have been under renewed strain since the terror attacks that targeted two luxury hotels and other city landmarks in the Indian city of Mumbai last November. A total of 173 people died and hundreds of others were injured. One gunman survived and Islamabad admitted this month he is a Pakistani citizen. |
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| India-Pakistan |
| India wants Pakistan declared terror state |
| 2009-02-08 |
| India on Saturday said the international community should consider declaring Pakistan a terrorist state in light of the country's release of a scientist who sold nuclear secrets around the globe. If Pakistain's not a terrorist state there ain't no sech thing... "It is time for the international community to think whether to declare Pakistan a terrorist country," Manish Tewari, the ruling Congress party spokesman said in New Delhi, in reference to the end from house arrest of Pakistani nuclear Abdul Qadeer Khan. Omar Saeed Sheikh's not dead yet, either. My guess is he's gonna die of old age. And he's not very old now. Khan, the man at the centre of the world' most serious nuclear proliferation scandal, was released on Friday after five years of house arrest. Just about the time Bush left office, plus a few days for paperwork. Revered by many Pakistanis as the father of the country's atomic bomb, he confessed to selling nuclear secrets to Iran, North Korea and Libya in 2004. He was immediately pardoned by the government, although his movements were restricted. It wasn't Dr. Strangelove selling the nuke secrets. It was the Pak government. Most of us know that, and most of us who don't have guessed it. India's Congress party, which faces election in April, where security is likely to be a major voting issue, said Khan's release was a serious security concern. "Defending him proves Pakistan as not only an exporter of terrorism, but has also given rise to doubts of certain countries, including (United States) America, that nuclear weapons could go into the hands of terrorists," Tiwari told reporters. We're not dumb enough -- or weren't, until Bush left office -- to assume that Dr. Strangelove was the only one with an interest in seeing San Diego or Baltimore or even Ann Arbor evaporated. Binny had his own resident nuke scientists, who were coincidentally Paks, when he decamped from Afghanistan. Earlier, the Indian army chief said militant camps in Pakistan were thriving and had increased in the past year, as India put pressure on Islamabad to bring militants behind last November's attacks in Mumbai to justice. "I would not talk about the numbers specifically right now...but infrastructure is existing and active," General Deepak Kapoor told the Press Trust of India (PTI). I regard those camps as distinctly unfriendly acts, regardless of who's in power in the Land of the Pure. India has said the militant attack on its financial capital Mumbai November last year, in which 179 people were killed, was planned from a camp in Pakistan. Relations between nuclear-armed India and Pakistan have been strained since then, with India saying Pakistan was not doing enough to rein in militants. Actually, they were obfuscating and blustering just as hard as they could, and they have no intention of reining in their militants. Their militants are why they exist. Indian Foreign Secretary Shivshankar Menon said this week Pakistan's main spy agency was linked to planners of the Mumbai attacks. We knew that. They hardly even make an effort to hide the fact anymore. Pakistan has denied any involvement by state agencies ... at which point their collective lips fell off... and said it was investigating a dossier of information from India, to which it will reply next week. ... with still more bluster, obfuscation, and outright lies. |
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| India-Pakistan |
| New Delhi aware of Pakistani troops on border |
| 2009-01-16 |
| (AKI) - Pakistan deployed additional troops on the border with India since the Mumbai terror attacks, but New Delhi has not responded in the same way, India's army chief said on Wednesday. "The aspect of some (Pakistani) troops coming towards the east ... we are aware. That has happened," General Deepak Kapoor said. "They have come to the eastern border of Pakistan with India." Pakistan's military has consistently denied a troop buildup on the Indian border since the attacks on India's financial capital in November. However, it did admit that it had transferred a "limited number" of soldiers from the Afghan border as tensions rose with India after the attacks. An intense political exchange between the country's leaders since the attacks has added to the tension as India, increasingly frustrated with what it sees as Pakistan's failure to take action, has tried to increase international diplomatic pressure on Pakistan. A senior Indian official also confirmed on Wednesday troops movement on the Pakistani side, but added New Delhi had been careful not to respond. Kapoor said though India was not provoked and would not indulge in provoking war hysteria, its armed forces were in a state of full preparedness. India has blamed Pakistan-based militant group Lashkar-e- Toiba for the November attack on Mumbai that left 164 people dead and is demanding that the government in Islamabad extradite those involved. The two countries have fought three wars since independence in 1947. The Paks have lost every one of them. |
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| India-Pakistan |
| War still an option: Indian army chief |
| 2009-01-16 |
| Pakistan has deployed additional troops along the border with India since the Mumbai attacks, but India has not responded in a similar manner, the Indian army chief said on Wednesday. "The aspect of some (Pakistani) troops coming towards the east ... we are aware. That has happened," General Deepak Kapoor told reporters. "They have come to the eastern border of Pakistan with India." Pakistan's military has denied any build-up of forces on the Indian border and said it moved a "limited number" of soldiers off the Afghan border "for defensive measures" as tensions rose with India after the Mumbai attacks. Kapoor said India had kept all options open, including the option of fighting in the wake of Mumbai attacks but there was no need to create hysteria. "There is a larger amount of tension after 26/11. Because we feel that the perpetrators of 26/11 came from Pakistan. In view of that, we in India are keeping all options open," he said. The options were "diplomatic, economic, or as a last resort, a fighting option," he said, adding, there was "no need to create any kind of hysteria" Referring to the use of military option as a last resort, Gen Kapoor said it depended on the political leadership to decide. "Our political leadership has said war is not an option. But all options are open. The situation remains at that stage," he said. A senior Indian official also confirmed on Wednesday "some" troops movement on the Pakistan side, but added New Delhi had been careful not to respond in a similar fashion. Kapoor said though India was not provoked and would not indulge in whipping up war hysteria, its armed forces were in a state of full preparedness. |
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| India-Pakistan |
| India ready for war: army chief |
| 2009-01-15 |
| Indian Army chief General Deepak Kapoor said on Wednesday his troops are ready for war, but admitted that "waging war is a political decision" and a last resort -- referring to rising tensions with Pakistan in the wake of the Mumbai attacks. Political decision: "Waging war is a political decision," Kapoor told a press conference here. He claimed the perpetrators of the Mumbai attacks came from Pakistan, and "in view of that ... we are keeping all our options open". "It must be understood that it is not to create any war hysteria and the options include diplomatic, economic and -- as a last resort -- fighting," he said. He said the armed forces were required to maintain a high level of 'combat readiness' at all times. Kapoor said the Indian Army was aware of Pakistani troop movement from the western to eastern border. "Having known this fact, let me assure you that the Indian Army has factored this in its plans." He said the 'strike formation' around the Indo-Pak border in December was 'routine'. Army to fight terrorism: Kapoor said the army would continue playing a role in countering terrorist threats, although such operations were the responsibility of the Home Ministry and the agencies under it. About the nuclear threat faced by the region, Kapoor said, "The presence of nuclear weapons in our neighbourhood underlines that any conventional war can ... turn into a nuclear war". |
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