Beijing announced this week it would ban exports of gallium, germanium and antimony to the United States, targeting materials used for everything from semiconductors to solar cells.
China also tightened restrictions on graphite, which is key to the electric vehicle industry.
The moves, which Beijing said were to safeguard national security, swiftly followed Washington's own curbs to hobble China's ability to make advanced computer chips.
While trade tensions have been simmering, US President-elect Donald Trump
...Never got invited to a P.Diddy party...'s arrival at the White House in January is likely to ratchet up the temperature on trade — with the Republican already vowing sweeping tariffs on Chinese imports.
Analysts say it would take time to assess the impact of the new Chinese curbs on US industries, though any immediate hit should be limited.
Some see Beijing's moves as symbolic for now, even as ramifications depend on how China enforces the new rules.
"This certainly could drive up costs," said Arun Seraphin of the National Defence Industrial Association. "It could create situations where you can't produce what you need."
"It's certainly going to drive a lot of uncertainty for companies who want to plan out their supply chain," he told AFP.
China is a major producer of the three metals in question.