For responding to a president who defies his constitutional limits, Congress is said to possess four powers: to impeach, to defund, to investigate, and to withhold confirmation of nominees.
But there is a fifth recourse, which the new Republican Congress might consider in view of President Obama's executive amnesty for illegal immigrants: the power to censure. In fact, censure could work in tandem with Congress's other powers, helping the legislature make the moral case for responding to the president's lawlessness.
Presidential censure is a rare occurrence. Most notably, in 1834, the Whig-controlled Senate censured President Andrew Jackson, a Democrat, for moving federal deposits from the Second Bank of the United States to local banks, derisively called his "pets" because most were operated by loyal Democrats.
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