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Ali Hassan al-Majid Ali Hassan al-Majid Iraqi Baath Party Axis of Evil Iraqi In Jug 20030821  
    "Chemical Ali"

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Iraq Judge Who Presided over Saddam Hussein's Trial Dies of COVID-19
2021-04-04
[ENGLISH.AAWSAT] A retired Iraqi judge who presided over the trial of Iraq’s late dictator Saddam Hussein has died after battling COVID-19, the country’s top judicial body said Friday.

According to Iraq’s Supreme Judicial Council, Judge Mohammed Oreibi al-Khalifa, 52, passed away in a hospital in Baghdad where he was being treated for complications from the coronavirus (aka COVID19 or Chinese Plague)
...the twenty first century equivalent of bubonic plague, only instead of killing off a third of the population of Europe it kills 3.4 percent of those who notice they have it. It seems to be fond of the elderly, especially Iranian politicians and holy men...
Oreibi graduated from the Faculty of Law at Baghdad university in 1992 and was appointed a judge in 2000 by a presidential decree.

He shot to fame after he was named an investigative judge in the trial of Saddam and his regime in August 2004. He later took over as the lead judge in Saddam’s trial for genocide, which also included Saddam’s cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid, known as Chemical Ali, and five other defendants on charges related to their roles in the bloody 1987-1988 crackdown against Kurdish rebels, known as the Anfal campaign.

The prosecution alleged that around 180,000 people died, many of them civilians killed by poison gas. Saddam was subsequently convicted and sentenced to death; he was executed on Dec. 30, 2006.

Oreibi tolerated very few disruptions from Saddam and his co-defendants during the trial — even throwing the deposed Iraqi leader out of the courtroom several times amid fiery
...a single two-syllable word carrying connotations of both incoherence and viciousness. A fiery delivery implies an audience of rubes and yokels, preferably forming up into a mob...
 exchanges between them.

In one session, after a shouting match between them, he ordered Saddam held in solitary confinement for several days.

The statement from the judicial council lauded Oreibi for his what it said was courage in handling the trial of Saddam and the former regime.
Related:
Mohammed Oreibi al-Khalifa: 2007-08-23 Judge ejects 2 Saddam aides from courtroom
Mohammed Oreibi al-Khalifa: 2007-06-24 Chemical Ali to Swing
Mohammed Oreibi al-Khalifa: 2007-01-08 Charges Dropped on Saddam
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Iraq
Iraq to disband court that tried Saddam
2011-05-05
BAGHDAD — The Iraqi government said Wednesday it will disband the tribunal that condemned Saddam Hussein and other top regime officials to death and was heavily criticized by human rights groups.
"Our work here is done, citizens..."
The announcement could help alleviate tension between the Shiite-led government and Iraq’s Sunni community, which has long felt unfairly targeted by the Iraqi High Criminal Tribunal and has demanded its closure in the interests of national reconciliation.

The statement only said that the Cabinet approved a draft law to disband the court and that it has been sent to parliament, without giving any further details.

The court spokesman, Raid Juhi, told The Associated Press that the decision was made because the court had finished its cases. The proposed law sets June 30 as a deadline to settle a few final minor cases, he added.

A number of international human rights organizations and Iraqi Sunni politicians have been questioning whether the proceedings of the tribunal, which tried and sentenced dozens of former officials, complied with international standards for fairness.

The first among the cases it handled was against Saddam who was hanged in late 2006 for his role in the deaths of more than 140 Shiite Muslims following an 1982 attempt on his life.

It also tried and sent to the gallows Hussein’s cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid who gained his nickname “Chemical Ali” for ordering the use of mustard gas and nerve agents against the Kurds in response to their collaboration with the Iranians during the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War.

Saddam’s half brother and former intelligence chief Barzan Ibrahim, former vice president Taha Yassin Ramadan and former head of Iraq’s revolutionary court Awad Hamid al-Bandar were also all sentenced to death and executed.

The court also tried and convicted 74-year-old Tariq Aziz, the only Christian in Saddam’s inner circle, for his role in the crackdown on the Shiite political parties now dominating Iraq’s politics. Aziz faces a death sentence for his conviction in that case but it has yet to be implemented.

Two other Saddam-era officials have also been convicted and sentenced to death. But the cases of Sultan Hashim Ahmad al-Tai, the former defense minister who led the Iraqi delegation at the cease-fire talks that ended the 1991 Gulf War, and Hussein Rashid Mohammed, a former deputy director of operations for the Iraqi armed forces, have angered Iraq’s Sunni population who believe the sentences are too harsh.
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Iraq
Life imprisonment for former Baath Regime officials
2011-03-17
The Iraqi courts have been busy this week...
BAGHDAD / Aswat al-Iraq – Iraq’s Supreme Criminal Court has issued a decision for life-imprisonment against Iraq’s former Baath regime officials, Abed Hamid Hmoud and Hussein Khidhier, under charges of eliminating Iraq’s secular parties, the semi-official al-Iraqiya TV Satellite Channel reported on Wednesday.

The said Court, the Channel added, had dropped charges against Sabaawi Ibrahim al-Hassan, half-brother of Iraq’s former President Saddam Hussein, in the same case.

The Supreme Criminal Court has charged member of Iraq’s former ruling Revolution Command Council (RCC), Ali Hassan al-Majid, with having been behind the annihilation of the secular parties, who was executed.

Abed Hamid Hmoud, the Secretary of Saddam Hussein, Ahmed Hassan Khidher al-Samarrae, the Chairman of Saddam’s office, along with Sabaawi Ibrahim al-Hassan, Farouq Mohammed Ali Ahmed, Ghazaal Hammouda Saeed and Karim Radhi Abed al-Itaby, were also charged with similar accusations by the same court.
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Iraq
Iraqi Kurds rejoice over execution of Chemical Ali
2010-01-27
Iraqi Kurds have expressed joy over the execution of 'Chemical Ali' -- a key player in the Baath regime's war machine, which killed thousands of Kurds.

Ali Hassan al-Majid al-Tikritieh, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's first cousin and one of his most trusted men, nicknamed 'Chemical Ali,' was executed in Baghdad on Monday.

The punishment was meted out for Majid's part in the 1988 chemical weapons attack on the northeastern Iraqi village of Halabja, which killed over 5,000 Kurds.

In the attack, government warplanes showering Halabja for five hours with mustard gas and nerve agents in the most deadly chemical weapons attack on civilians in history.

"I have heard the news of the execution [of] the criminals whose hands [are] stained with blood. This is a happy day for the Kurdish people," Reuters quoted Iraqi Kurd Saman Faruq as saying.

Behnam Karim, another local, said, "As a Kurdish citizen I am very happy because of the decision. But I wish the decision can define Halabja's crime as a genocide."

The verdict was issued earlier in the month, prompting jubilation in Halabja, where people were seen cheering and playing music on the streets.

However, the former intelligence chief, who also held the interior and defense ministry portfolios, considered the massacre a feather in his cap.

The ruling for the attack on Halabja was the fourth death sentence Majid received.

In December 2008, he received another death sentence for war crimes committed during the 1991 Shia uprising in southern Iraq, where about 100,000 people were massacred.
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Iraq
Chemical Ali executed
2010-01-25
"jeez...is it always this hot here?"
Iraq's government spokesman says Saddam Hussein's notorious cousin "Chemical Ali" was executed Monday about a week after being sentenced to death for the poison gas attacks that killed more than 5,000 Kurds in 1988.

News of the hanging came shortly after three suicide car bombs struck downtown Baghdad. It was not immediately clear whether the attacks were linked the execution of Ali Hassan al-Majid.

Government spokesman Ali al-Dabbagh confirmed the execution took place.

Al-Majid - widely known as "Chemical Ali" for the gas attacks - was convicted on Sunday for ordering the poison gas to be dropped on the Kurdish town of Halabja in 1988 as part of a campaign against a Kurdish uprising.

It was the fourth death sentence against him for crimes against humanity.
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Iraq
Chemical Ali will be hanged within days
2010-01-18
[Iran Press TV Latest] A senior Iraqi official says an important powerbroker in Saddam Hussein's defunct Baath party, Ali Hassan al-Majid, known as 'Chemical Ali' for his role in gas attacks on the Kurds, will be hanged within days.

"We will receive Chemical Ali from the Americans in the next few days and he will be executed very soon afterwards," Iraq's deputy justice minister, Busho Ibrahim, was quoted as saying by The Guardian.

A former spy chief and first cousin of Saddam, "Chemical Ali" was sentenced to death on Sunday for ordering the attack on Halabja, which is regarded by many as the greatest crime committed during the 35 years of Baathist rule. It was the fourth death sentence the 68-year-old has received.

Considered Saddam's right-hand man and bearing a strong resemblance to the former dictator, Ali Hassan al-Majid was a member of the decision-making Revolutionary Command Council and was regularly called upon to suppress rebellions. He was infamous for his role in northern Iraq.

Majid earned his nickname in 1988 when he ordered an airborne poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja that killed over 5,000 people, including many women and children.

On March 16, 1988, Iraqi jets swooped over the small town and for five hours sprayed it with a deadly cocktail of mustard gas and the nerve agents Tabun, Sarin, and VX. International outrage meant that Majid did not dare leave Iraq for the following 15 years. Finally, in early 2003, as war with the US looked increasingly likely, he visited Syria and Lebanon in an attempt to drum up regional support for Iraq.

In March 2003, Chemical Ali was appointed to head the southern region -- one of four senior commanders reporting directly to Saddam Hussein.

A month later, British officials said they believed he had been killed in a coalition air strike in the southern city of Basra. But in June, then US secretary of defense Donald Rumsfeld conceded that he did not know whether he was dead or alive.

Two months later, US military officials announced that they had captured him. Majid is currently being held at the Camp Cropper detention center on the outskirts of Baghdad.
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Iraq
Chemical Ali sentenced to hang for Halabja massacre
2010-01-17
"Chemical Ali" was sentenced to death today for ordering the greatest crime committed during the reign of Saddam Hussein.

The cousin of the former dictator earned his nickname in 1988 when he ordered an airborne poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing more than 5,000 people, including many women and children.

Ali Hassan al-Majid is to be hanged for what is believed to be the single biggest gassing of civilians in history. It is his fourth death sentence for crimes committed as Saddam's defence minister, interior minister, intelligence chief and governor of occupied Kuwait.

"I am so happy today," said Nazik Tawfiq, 45, a Kurdish woman who lost six of her relatives in the attack. She came to court alone to hear the sentence, and fell to her knees and began to pray upon hearing the verdict. "Now the souls of our victims will rest in peace."

Saddam himself was never tried for the Halabja massacre, something many Kurds regret. He was executed three years ago by the ruling Shia government for massacring Shias in the south of Iraq.

"This judgment is a victory for all Iraqis, humanity and the Kurds because Halabja is the biggest crime of modern times," said Majid Hamad Amin, minister of the martyrs and displaced in the Kurdish regional government. "Halabja is not only a Kurdish case but it is an issue for all Iraqis and the rest of the world."

On March 16, 1988, Iraqi jets swooped over the small town and for five hours sprayed it with a deadly cocktail of mustard gas and the nerve agents Tabun, Sarin and VX. International outrage meant that al-Majid did not dare leave Iraq for the following 15 years. Only as war with the US looked increasingly likely in early 2003 did he visit Syria and Lebanon in a bid to whip up regional support for Iraq.

Soon though he became the King of Spades in the pack of cards of most wanted Iraqis issued by the US military during the invasion and was arrested in August of that year. Initially it was thought he had been killed by coalition bombing of his villa in Basra, but US officials were later forced to admit that he was still alive.
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Iraq
Iraqi court acquits former top aide to Saddam Hussein
2009-03-03
Iraq's special criminal court Monday acquitted Tariq Aziz, the man who once served as the urbane, cigar-smoking public face of Saddam Hussein's rule, delivering the most significant not-guilty verdict in a series of prosecutions for crimes against humanity that occurred before the U.S. invasion in 2003.

Aziz, who will turn 73 next month, remained in custody, facing charges in two other cases. Only hours after his acquittal, he appeared before another judge to defend himself against charges that he was involved in a massacre of Kurds in 1983.

Even so, the verdict - the first in a case against him - was viewed as a sign of judicial fairness and independence for a controversial tribunal that has been deliberating the most heinous crimes of the Saddam era.

Aziz, who served as foreign minister of Iraq during the invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and as Saddam's deputy prime minister during the U.S. invasion in 2003, was acquitted of culpability in a brutal crackdown against Shiite protesters that followed the assassination of a revered cleric, Grand Ayatollah Mohammed al-Sadr, in 1999.

The court convicted Ali Hassan al-Majid, a former aide known as "Chemical Ali" for ordering poison gas attacks against the Kurds in the 1980s, for his role in those killings, sentencing him to death for a third time.

Two other Saddam aides, Saif al-Din al-Mashhadani and Uglah Abid Siqir al-Kubaysi, both senior Baath party officials who appeared on the infamous deck of playing cards from the U.S. government for Iraq's most wanted officials, were also acquitted in the case.
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Iraq
Iraq: Key witness 'fled' from inquiry into chemical attack
2008-12-23
(AKI) - An Iraqi court has been told that a pilot allegedly responsible for poisoning Iraqi Kurds in the north of the country in 1988 has disappeared. The pilot, Tareq Ramadan, is accused of dropping toxic chemical bombs on the city of Halabja in an attack that occurred on 16 March 1988.

Ramadan had been detained in a hospital in the region but apparently fled from the area over a year ago. "The pilot is one of those accused of this crime and not a simple witness," said an unnamed Kurdish source who confirmed the news.

Ramadan was to have been tried in the controversial case involving Ali Hassan al-Majid, cousin of former dictator Saddam Hussein, better known as 'Chemical Ali'.

Al-Majid has already been sentenced to death twice for crimes against humanity and one of those sentences was in relation to the genocide of up to 5,000 Iraqi Kurds allegedly targeted in a vicious campaign under Saddam's regime. Al-Majid was sentenced to death for the second time on 2 December for brutally repressing a Shia revolt after the 1991 Gulf War. But he earned his notorious nickname for his role in using poison gas against Kurdish villages.

The three other defendants are former Iraqi Defense Minister Sultan Hashim and former Baath regime officials Farhan Saleh and Saber Al-Douri.

The source stressed that "the presence of this pilot at the court hearing was necessary and very important", particularly because the confessions that he made during the investigations.

He also said many former Iraqi leaders had denied their involvement in the execution of this crime. "We do not know where these things will go now that it has been confirmed that the accused has fled," he said.

Local media quoted a source for the Kurdish Minister for the Victims of al-Anfal - the genocidal campaign against the Kurds - saying he had expressed his "shock" at the pilot's disappearance. "His appearance would have really helped the cause very much," said the source.

The first session of the court hearing began on Sunday with testimony from one of the survivors who lost six children from the chemical attack. The case continued on Tuesday with evidence from another eight survivors.
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Iraq
NYSlimes: 35 Iraq Officials Held in Raids on Key Ministry
2008-12-18
BAGHDAD -- Up to 35 officials in the Iraqi Ministry of the Interior ranking as high as general have been arrested over the past three days with some of them accused of quietly working to reconstitute Saddam Hussein's Baath Party, according to senior security officials in Baghdad.
Isn't the Baath party sort of, like, illegal? This suggests to me that there was another coup in the works. Time to make a few quick examples out of these folks - Iraqi style.
The arrests, confirmed by officials from the Ministries of the Interior and National Security as well as the prime minister's office, included four generals. The officials also said that the arrests had come at the hand of an elite counterterrorism force that reports directly to the office of Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Maliki.

The involvement of the counterterrorism unit speaks to the seriousness of the accusations, and several officials from the Ministries of the Interior and National Security said that some of those arrested were in the early stages of planning a coup. None of the officials provided details about that allegation.

But the arrests reflect a new set of political challenges for Iraq. Mr. Maliki, who has gained popularity as a strong leader but has few reliable political allies, has scrambled to protect himself from domestic rivals as the domineering influence of the United States, his leading backer, begins to fade. Rumors of coups, conspiracies and new alliances abound in the Iraqi capital a month before provincial elections. Critics of Mr. Maliki say he has been using arrests to consolidate power.

But senior security officials said there was significant evidence tying those arrested to a wide array of political corruption charges, including affiliation with Al Awda, or the Return, a descendant of the Baath Party, which ruled the country as a dictatorship for 35 years, mostly under Mr. Hussein. Tens of thousands of Iraqis died or were persecuted, including Mr. Maliki, a Shiite Muslim, by the Baath Party. It was outlawed after the American invasion in 2003.

While most members of the Baath Party were Sunni Muslims, as Mr. Hussein was, those arrested were a mix of Sunnis and Shiites, several officials said. It was unclear precisely how many Interior Ministry officials were detained.

A high-ranking Interior Ministry official said that those affiliated with Al Awda had paid bribes to other officers to recruit them and that huge amounts of money had been found in raids. He said there could be more arrests. Some of those under arrest belonged to the now-illegal party under Mr. Hussein's government. Mr. Maliki's office declined to comment. But one of his advisers, insisting that he not be named because he was not authorized to speak, said the detainees were involved in "a conspiracy."

The Ministry of the Interior is dedicated to Iraq's internal security, and includes the police forces. The ministry has a history of being heavily infiltrated with Shiite militias, though it has improved considerably over the past two years.

A police officer, who knows several of the detainees but spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of retribution, said they were innocent, longstanding civil servants and had little in common with one another. Those who once belonged to the Baath Party were lower-level members, he said, insisting that the arrests were politically motivated.

Interior Minister Jawad Kadem al-Bolani, who has not been implicated and is out of the country, has his own political ambitions and has been expanding his secular Iraqi Constitutional Party. Iraq is a nation where leadership has often changed by coup, and as next month's provincial elections approach, worry about violence is increasing. So are accusations about politically charged detentions.

The counterterrorism unit involved in these arrests is alleged to have conducted a raid this summer on the Diyala provincial governor's office, during which an employee was killed and a provincial council member, one of the few Sunnis Arabs on the council, was arrested.

At a later protest against the arrest, several other Sunni politicians were detained. A number of politicians who follow the Shiite cleric Moktada al-Sadr, and who have set themselves up as political rivals to the prime minister, have also been arrested over the past months and charged with terrorist activities.

Anxieties about the government's treatment of political enemies were also raised this week as the American military, as part of the recently approved security agreement, turned over to Iraqi custody on Monday 39 senior officials from the Hussein government. Some have been convicted already and others are scheduled to stand trial, the United States military said in a statement.

Saleh al-Mutlaq, a Sunni lawmaker, charged that the safety of the prisoners was in jeopardy. "I think these people are not going to be treated well and that is the American responsibility," he said.

Badeei Araf, a lawyer who said he represented 11 of those being turned over, said at least two appeared on the "most wanted" deck of cards that the United States publicized early in the invasion in 2003. But, he said, neither Ali Hassan al-Majid, known as Chemical Ali and awaiting execution, nor Tariq Aziz, the public face of the Hussein government, were among those transferred.

Correction: December 18, 2008: An earlier version of this article incorrectly reported that one of the Iraqi officials arrested was Gen. Ahmed Abu Raqeef, the ministry's director of internal affairs.
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Iraq
Citizens agree on hanging Chemical Ali, differ on rest of defendants
2008-12-07
Aswat al-Iraq: A number of citizens from Basra, Tikrit, and Missan expressed belief that sentences issued by the Supreme Criminal Court against suspects in the 1991 al-Intifada al-Shaabaniya case are 'just', others considered them as 'political', and most of them agreed that Ali Hassan al-Majid, otherwise known as Chemical Ali, deserves the death sentence.

"The death sentence issued against Ali Hassan al-Majid is considered as a strong slap on the face of those who perpetrated crimes against the Iraqi people. He was like Hitler and this is a just sentence," Mustafa Karim, a Basrian citizen, told Aswat al-Iraq.

Another citizen from Basra, Ali Salman, agreed with Karim, saying "it was a just sentence for what al-Majid perpetrated against hundreds of Iraqi people. Everyone watched him on television beating and killing citizens during al-Intifada."

For his part, Abdullah al-Jasem, retired brigadier from Tikrit, told Aswat al-Iraq, "the sentences have political aim to retaliate from the former army leaders."

Hussein al-Ubeid, a professor at the Tikrit University, said "we expect the sentences, however some sentences were surprise."

He pointed out that al-Tikriti deserves to die for killing hundreds of Iraqis. "Most of the suspects are military officers who implement orders and it is not logic to convict them for crimes made by politicians," he explained.

Udai Abdul Khaleq, a teacher from Missan, told Aswat al-Iraq "television helped citizens to follow the case," noting that the case proved that Chemical Ali was the mastermind if several violations and killing operations against innocent Iraqis. "He deserves the life sentence," he asserted.

"This was a day of justice," Abbas Fakher from Missan said. "Those who killed innocent people must be killed," Fakher underlined. "It is a day of joy and victory for all Iraqis," he pointed out.

Last Tuesday, the Supreme Criminal Court sentenced to death Ali Hassan al-Majid, otherwise known as Chemical Ali; and Abdul Ghani Abdul Ghafour, a former Baath Party official, after found guilty in the 1991 al-Intifada al-Shaabaniya case. Life sentences were handed down against Ibrahim Abdelsattar Mohammed; Iyad Fatieh al-Rawi, former chief of staff and a Republican Guard commander; Hussein Rashid al-Tikriti, former assistant chief of staff; and Saber Abdul-Aziz al-Dori, the former chief of military intelligence.

Other defendants in the case are Abad Hamid Mahmud, Saddam's personal secretary; Sabaawi Ibrahim al-Hassan, former President Saddam Hussein's half brother; Iyad Taha Shehab, a former intelligence chief; Latif Mahal Hamoud, former Basra governor; Walied Hamid Tawfiq al-Naseri; Sufyan Maher al-Tikriti, a former Republican Guard commander; Saadi Taama Abbas, the former minister of defense; Saber Abdul-Aziz al-Dori, the former chief of military intelligence; and Qays Abdul Razzaq Mohammed al-Adhami, the commander of the Republican Guard Hamourabi forces.

The 1991 incidents, known in Arabic as the al-Intifada al-Shaabaniya, or the Shaaban uprising, were a series of rebellions in southern and northern Iraq in the aftermath of the Gulf War. The revolts in the predominantly Shiite cities of Basra and al-Nassiriya broke out in March 1991, sparked by demoralized Iraqi army troops returning from Iraq's defeat in the Gulf War. Another uprising in the Kurdish areas of northern Iraq broke out shortly thereafter. Although they represented a serious threat to his regime, former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was able to suppress the rebellions with massive force and maintain power, as the expected United States intervention never materialized. The uprisings were eventually crushed by the Iraqi Republican Guard, which was followed by mass reprisals and intensified forced relocations. In few weeks, tens of thousands of civilians were allegedly killed.
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Iraq
Supreme Court resumes trying Friday prayers case
2008-07-25
(VOI) -- The Iraqi Supreme Criminal Court on Thursday resumed its third session to try the Friday prayers case, in which 14 officials of the former regime are being tried on charges of detaining a large number of civilians, lynching many of them, rendering several families homeless, and decimating whole villages in the provinces of Baghdad, Missan, Samawa, and Basra in February 1999.

The session, headed by Chief Justice Muhammad Uraiby, began with hearing a witness's statement, who spoke from behind a curtain for security reasons. The witness depicted events that took at that time, then a number of defendants and their attorneys spoke.

The Friday prayers incidents erupted after the assassination of Grand Ayatollah Sayyed Muhammad Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr and his two sons in the city of al-Kufa on February 19, 1999, whose death is blamed on the former regime's intelligence agencies. The death of Sadr, the father of Shiite leader Muqtada al-Sadr, was followed by security tension in many Iraqi cities then, including the then Saddam City (currently al-Sadr city), where the al-Mohsin and al-Hikma mosques were attacked, leaving a large number of worshipers killed and scores others detained.

Of the 14 defendants, seven were senior officials and party leaders of the former regime: Tareq Aziz, Ali Hassan al-Majid, Latif Nassif Jassem, Aziz Saleh Nouman, Muhammad Zimam Abdelrazzaq, Akla Abad Sakr, and Seif al-Din al-Mashhadani. Other defendants included Abad Hemeid Mahmoud, the secretary of the former regime, and Muhammad Mahmoud Fizi al-Hazzaa, who occupied several military and government posts including the Missan governor. Five of the fourteen were members of the divisions of the dissolved Baath Party of former President Saddam Hussein. They are Ibrahim Sahib Karam, Jabbar Hadhoud, Ziyad Qays Jassem, Jassem Muhammad Hajim, and Muhammad Jassem Ghleim.
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